Cranial nerves
58 Cranial nerves, overview a N. olfactorius [I] b N. opticus [II] c N. oculomotorius [III] d N. trochlearis [IV] e N. trigeminus [V] • N. ophthalmicus [V/1] • N….
Upper limb
23 Joints of the upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris 23.1 Joints of the shoulder girdle Name of joint Type of joint Types of movements Medial clavicular joint Articulatio sternoclavicularis, Articulationes…
Lumbar spinal stenosis
Key points • Lumbar spinal stenosis is a complex disease with a plethora of clinical and imaging phenotypes. • Developmental lumbar spinal stenosis is caused by mal-development of pedicles and…
Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament
Key points • Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) is a hyperostotic condition of the spine associated with severe neurologic deficits. The incidence is higher in East Asians. •…
Displacement of intervertebral discs
Key points • Intervertebral disc displacement is not a “disease,” but is a component of many variations of disorders of the spine. • The displaced disc material and the effects…
Vertebral bone marrow (Modic) changes
Key points • Modic changes are subchondral and vertebral bone marrow changes in conjunction with intervertebral disc degeneration, and they are classified into three categories (types 1, 2, and 3)…
Vertebral endplate abnormalities, defects, and changes
Key points • The vertebral endplate is the key regulator of disc nutrient and oxygen transport. • The endplate is composed of an inner bony and an outer cartilaginous layer…
