7Neurologic Back Pain: Myopathies, Neuromuscular Disease, Parkinson, and Dystonia Asdrubal Falavigna and Carlo Domênico Marrone ■ Introduction The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP)1 defines pain as a…
6Biology, Mechanics, and Genetics of the Disk: State of the Art Mauro Alini, Sibylle Grad, Hans-Joachim Wilke, Fabio Galbusera, and Alessandra Colombini ■ Introduction The human spine has a challenging…
8Back Pain in Children and Adolescents Katherine M. Schroeder, Erica E. Gonzalez, and John P. Dormans ■ Introduction Historically, back pain in children and adolescents was considered rare and often…
16Chronic Back Pain, Failed Surgery, and What to Do When All Options Are Exhausted Lawrence G. Lenke ■ Introduction Despite the recognition of spine surgery as a unique discipline combining…
5Myth and Reality of Sacroiliac Joint Pathology Kristen E. Jones and David W. Polly, Jr. ■ Introduction Sacroiliac (SI) joint dysfunction is a significant source of disability that is an…
2Decision Making and Flag Systems Gustavo Zanoli ■ Introduction Back pain has become a standard indication for a broad group of conditions in the biomedical literature, as if it were…
12Outcome Evaluation in Back Pain Patients Martin H. Pham, Andre M. Jakoi, Neil N. Patel, and Jeffrey C. Wang ■ Introduction Back pain is among the most frequently encountered problems…
11Conservative Treatment: Drugs, Physiotherapy, and Alternative Medicine Christopher C. Ornelas and Mona Zall ■ Introduction Low back pain (LBP) has a high prevalence in the adult and geriatric population. Up…
1Economic Issues, Risk Factors, and Litigation Marco Brayda-Bruno ■ Introduction The epidemiological burden of low back pain (LBP) and its socioeconomic impact in developed countries have been well analyzed and…
