Overview of IL-17 Family
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 1.1 Discovery and Structure of IL-17 The name of IL-17 was first proposed by Yao…
IL-17 in Host Defense
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 2.1 Cellular Source of IL-17 Many cell types including immune and nonimmune cells are able…
Concluding Remarks
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA The family of IL-17 cytokines is one of the most ancient cytokines that plays an…
The Role of IL-17/Th17 Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Inflammatory Diseases
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 4.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovium and…
Imaging of the Clavicle
Fig. 4.1 AP axial radiograph of the left clavicle demonstrates a comminuted fracture with associated rib fractures and a moderate-sized pneumothorax (arrows) The standard AP view of the clavicle is…
Sternoclavicular Joint Injuries
Fig. 9.1 The intra-articular disk ligament (Held by forceps), costoclavicular ligament (Figure B arrowhead), capsular ligament (Figure B arrow), and interclavicular ligament lend integrity to the sternoclavicular joint Mechanism of…
Distal Clavicle and Medial Clavicle Fractures
Fig. 10.1 Serendipity radiographic view of bilateral SC joints. A malunion of the right medial clavicle is present although difficult to appreciate The interpretation of medial clavicle fractures using plain…
Evaluation of Clavicle Injuries
Fig. 3.1 Direct force mechanism for posterior SC dislocation Indirect Force Indirect force injuries are much more common with the energy force directed to the lateral aspect of the clavicle…
Nonoperative Clavicle Fractures
Fig. 6.1 Case 1, Upright anteroposterior (a) and 45° cephalic tilt (b) views showing a midshaft clavicle fracture Patients should have upright radiographs obtained within the first 2 weeks. Even…
Complications of Clavicle Fractures
Fig. 14.1 (a) Radiograph of displaced midshaft clavicle fracture . (b) Prominence of medial fragment underneath the skin Nonunion Clavicle fractures nonunions were traditionally considered to be rare, with prevalence…
