(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA As shown in Fig. 5.1a–e, there are multiple points where the interleukin 17 (IL-17)/Th17 pathway…
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 1.1 Discovery and Structure of IL-17 The name of IL-17 was first proposed by Yao…
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 2.1 Cellular Source of IL-17 Many cell types including immune and nonimmune cells are able…
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA The family of IL-17 cytokines is one of the most ancient cytokines that plays an…
(1) VA Portland Health Care System, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA 4.1 Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the synovium and…
Fig. 4.1 AP axial radiograph of the left clavicle demonstrates a comminuted fracture with associated rib fractures and a moderate-sized pneumothorax (arrows) The standard AP view of the clavicle is…
Fig. 9.1 The intra-articular disk ligament (Held by forceps), costoclavicular ligament (Figure B arrowhead), capsular ligament (Figure B arrow), and interclavicular ligament lend integrity to the sternoclavicular joint Mechanism of…
Fig. 3.1 Direct force mechanism for posterior SC dislocation Indirect Force Indirect force injuries are much more common with the energy force directed to the lateral aspect of the clavicle…
Fig. 6.1 Case 1, Upright anteroposterior (a) and 45° cephalic tilt (b) views showing a midshaft clavicle fracture Patients should have upright radiographs obtained within the first 2 weeks. Even…
Fig. 14.1 (a) Radiograph of displaced midshaft clavicle fracture . (b) Prominence of medial fragment underneath the skin Nonunion Clavicle fractures nonunions were traditionally considered to be rare, with prevalence…
