Region Sagittal Frontal/coronal Transverse/rotational Foot Toe flex/ext Pronation/supination Adduction/abduction Ankle Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion Varus/valgus Tibia Internal/external torsion Knee Flex/extension Varum/valgum Femur Internal/external rotation Hip Flex/extension Adduction/abduction Pelvis Ant/post tilt Elevated/depressed…
Fig. 3.1 Standing flexion test in neutral (left) and forward (right) flexion. Note elevated right thumb with forward flexion while monitoring PSIS, signifying a positive standing flexion test on the…
Fig. 9.1 Heterotopic ossification of the right hip. An irregular linear lucency is seen in the subcapital region. (a) AP view of the right hip. (b) Lateral view of right…
• Aluminum • Aromatase inhibitors • Anticonvulsants (phenobarbital, phenytoin, valproate) • Cytotoxic drugs • Ethanol (excess use) • Glucocorticoids • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists • Heparin (long-term use) • Lithium •…
Fig. 4.1 Clinical scapular examination algorithm (Modified from Cools et al. 2014, Br J Sports Med) Visual Observation The scapula must be directly visualized during the examination. One common mistake…
Fig. 6.1 (a) The empty-can position for testing. (b) The scapular retraction position for testing. The arm is in the empty-can position. The scapula is lightly held in retraction by…
Fig. 8.1 Right clavicle fracture yielding scapula repositioning It appears that union of the bone ends is not the sole or even major factor in optimal outcomes of clavicle fractures….
Fig. 16.1 Scapular rehabilitation algorithm [9] Treatment of Flexibility Deficits The relationship between scapular position and glenohumeral joint range of motion has been studied with significant ramifications for clinicians who…
Scapulothoracic muscles Levator scapulae Omohyoid Pectoralis minor Rhomboideus major Rhomboideus minor Serratus anterior Trapezius Scapulohumeral muscles Rotator cuff Infraspinatus Subscapularis Supraspinatus Teres minor Other Biceps long head Biceps short head…
Fig. 14.1 Schematic demonstrating scapula anatomy in the axial plane. Two major bursae, the supraserratus and infraserratus bursae, the source of pathology in the majority of cases in the scapulothoracic…
