Musculoskeletal Key

Neurapraxia (segmental demyelination) Caused by a mild stretch or compression injury that disrupts the myelin sheath at the injury site, resulting in focal demyelination and leaving the axons intact. This…

Fig. 15.1 These images depict the zones of injury in a burn wound: stasis, hyperemia and coagulation Each zone exhibits specific characteristics. The zone of coagulation tends to be the…

Fig. 9.1 Spinal anatomy. (a) Top image: lumbar spine anatomy. (b) Lower image: upper cervical spine anatomy Fig. 9.2 Spinal nerve. (a) Top image: lumbar spine roots exiting below the…

Fig. 5.1 Pain severity scales. Various tools have been developed to help patients and clinicians quantify the severity of pain. The following are examples of common pain scales: (a) Wong-Baker…

Fig. 10.1 Exposure of diaphragm through transthoracic approach and mobilization of pedicled rectus abdominis muscle flap in a cadaver (Courtesy and with gratitude to donors of UCLA Donated Body Program)…

Fig. 20.1 Athletic pubalgia: a representation of the important pain generators in AP and the direction of forces they apply to the pubic joint Physical exam in these patients will…

Fig. 26.1 Lymphaticovenous anastomosis (LVA) demonstrated above involves microscopic connections between small peripheral lymphatics and veins in order to allow for an alternate lymphatic drainage pathway. Detail shows close up…

Fig. 12.1 (a) The laparoscopic dissector is placed against the right diaphragm, an electrical burst from the clinical station externally will allow contraction if the phrenic nerve is intact, and…

Fig. 22.1 Targeted muscle reinnervation concepts. (a) In an uninjured limb, the cortical system serves as the control center and initiates voluntary movement. Motor nerves function as an electrical conduit…