Musculoskeletal Key

Fig. 6.1 Normal frontal (a) and lateral (b) lumbosacral spine radiographs Fig. 6.2 Normal anatomy in the AP projection demonstrated at L3: Superior articular facet (S), inferior articular facet (I),…

Fig. 17.1 Incision Insert a Weitlaner retractor and mobilize the incision medially until it is positioned over the narrow bony coccyx. The coccyx now acts as a rigid “backstop” for…

Fig. 19.1 Slip angle is a value that determines the severity of spondylolisthesis and is higher than 50° in spondyloptosis. It is measured between the perpendicular to a line along…

Fig. 1.1 Sagittal view on computed tomography (CT) showing a pars defect of L5 Etiology In the late 1800s and early 1900s, there were multiple studies attempting to identify the…

Fig. 5.1 The Meyerding grading scale for the severity of a slip is determined by dividing the superior endplate of the caudal vertebra in quartiles, and measuring the location of…

Fig. 8.1 Spino-pelvic alignment in the frontal and sagittal planes Evolution from the quadrupedal to the bipedal posture in primates and humans has been allowed by progressive and very significant…

Fig. 15.1 Skin incision located with K-wire and fluoroscopy. Sequential dilation prior to retractor placement Fig. 15.2 Bilateral placement of the tubular retractor to allow for simultaneous procedure After removing…

Fig. 16.1 Four muscle groups per side that represent spinal nerve distributions from L2–S2 are monitored by EMG. Each electrode is identified by a specific color and must be connected…

Fig. 4.1 (a) Standing sagittal view of a patient with a high grade spondylolisthesis. Notice the flattened buttock (black arrow), flattened lumbar lordosis and the positive overall sagittal balance when…