Results Paper Design Number of patients and treatment Follow-up, details, results Level of evidence Hawamdeh et al.a [26] RCT 60; 20 control, 40 treatment (botox injection to calves; 3 ×…
Comparison Studies No of participants Below elbow cast vs Above elbow cast Bohm et al. [8] 229 Webb et al. [9] Neutral vs Pronated vs Suppinated forearm position in above…
Fig. 33.1 Characteristic aesthetic appearance of Madelung’s deformity Multiple operative treatment options have been proposed, principally corrective osteotomies. However, owing to its rarity, the literature is sparse and there is…
Fig. 31.1 The Mallet score The components of the Mallet score should recorded separately because some of the components can be normal in the presence of severe contractures. Changes in…
Paper Design Number patients Details/results LoE Chandran et al. [9] Retrospective comparative study 12 2 no treatment 10 patients underwent operative treatment (median age in both groups was 5 years):…
Recommendations Grade of recommendation Distal femoral physeal injuries Reduction and surgical fixation is indicated for all distal femoral physeal injuries C Surgical fixation is not associated with an increased risk…
Fig. 2.1 Levels of evidence hierarchy for therapeutic studies Low-level evidence is more likely to be subject to bias. Bias is a systematic error that can make the results invalid….
Type Alpha angle (α) Beta angle (β) Descriptions I > 60° <55° Ia Normal hip (at any age). This grade is further divided into (Ia; β < 55°) and (Ib;…
Fig. 19.1 Flexible flat feet, which resolve on tip toeing Table 19.1 Table of recommendations Statement Grade of recommendation Most flexible flat feet in children do not cause symptoms B…
Clinical Score Radiological Score Poor cosmetic appearance Abnormal talonavicular angle Talometatarsal axis Ankle+ loss of subtalar movement Hindfoot equinus Prominent talar head Abnormal talometatarsal axis Loss of medial longitudinal arch …
