Clinical Features and Pathobiology of Chordoma
Fig. 17.1 Typical MRI appearance of large sacral chordoma 17.3 Clinical Features Patients diagnosed with a chordoma most commonly present with pain, regardless of location (Bergh et al. 2000; Boriani…
Intervertebral Disc Culture Models and Their Applications to Study Pathogenesis and Repair
Date range www.pubmed.gov www.ors.org 2011 7 5 2006–2010 26 11 2001–2005 7 3 1996–2000 8 0 1991–1995 6 na >1990 4 na Survey of the number of intervertebral disc organ…
Proteoglycans of the Intervertebral Disc
Fig. 4.1 Immunolocalization of aggrecan (a), versican (b), and toluidine blue-stained proteoglycan (c) in a 14-week gestational age fetal human intervertebral disc and adjacent cartilaginous vertebral body rudiment cartilages. Higher-power…
Use of Stem Cells for Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc
Fig. 23.1 Definition of a stem/progenitor cell. Criteria of stem/progenitor cell include clonogenicity, high proliferative capacity, self-renewal capability (from a single cell to reconstitute a tissue in which the cell…
Surgical Indications for Lumbar Degenerative Disease
Fig. 13.1 Sagittal T2-weighted lumbar MRI image demonstrating degeneration of the L4–5 intervertebral disc (white arrow). Water has high signal intensity on T2-weighted MRI imaging. As the disc degenerates, it…
Enhancing Disc Repair by Growth Factors and Other Modalities
Agent Target Effect Reference TGF-β Mature canine IVD PG synthesis increased up to 5X; higher in NP than AF Thompson et al. (1991) IGF-1 Mature canine IVD PG synthesis marginally…
Epidemiology of Lumbar Disc Degeneration
Author and year Sample size Race Age Gender Reduced signal intensity Reduced disc height Bulging Annular tears High-intensity zone Videman (1995)a 232 Finnish 49.3 (35–69) 100 % M L1/2 41.6…
Imaging Modalities for Studying Disc Pathology
Fig. 12.1 Representative proton T2 MRI (grayscale) and corresponding T1ρ maps (in color overlaid on grayscale T1ρ-weighted image) of the lumbar discs from a 52-year-old female (a) and a 35-year-old…
The Intervertebral Disc: Overview of Disc Mechanics
Fig. 2.1 Schematic representations of the adult intervertebral disc. (a) Midsagittal cross section showing anatomical regions. (b) Three-dimensional view illustrating AF lamellar structure (Adapted from Smith et al. 2011) The…
The Effects of Mechanical Forces on Nucleus Pulposus and Annulus Fibrosus Cells
Fig. 7.1 Static loading of the spine under a follower load configuration, resulting in a primarily axial compression of the intervertebral disc Based on how forces are distributed from organ…
