Fig. 5.1 Modelling of the cartilage destruction 5.1.2 Simulation of Loss of Carpal Height The reduction of gaps has resulted in loss of carpal height. Carpometacarpal ratio (CR)—the ratio between the…
Fig. 1.1 Schematic drawings for palmar view of the wrist joint complex showing the eight carpal bones and their articulations with the distal radius, distal ulna, the metacarpal bones of the…
Fig. 2.1 The principal load behaviour of ligaments with respect to their elongation during constant elongation-rate [13–15] There was also a report on the dependencies of these characterizing values on elongation…
Fig. 6.1 The radiographic images of the healthy joint (left) and its replacement (right) for the hip (a), knee (b) and wrist joint (c). It was clearly depicted that for the…
Fig. 3.1 Patient affected by rheumatoid arthritis with severe dislocation of both wrists [10] Fig. 3.2 A posterior photograph of patient with rheumatoid arthritis hands (a), note axial deviation of the wrist…
Fig. 4.1 Steps performed to construct finite element model of the healthy wrist The ratio of twice the radius of the inscribed circle to the radius of the ascribed circle of…
Stage I Small, subchondral compression of the bone Stage II Partial detachment of the fragment from the chondral surface Stage III Complete fragment detachment with no displacement Stage IV Total…
Fig. 5.1 Main locations of osteochondral ankle defects Fig. 5.2 Shear mechanism of injury in lateral osteochondral ankle defects 5.4 Clinical Appearance A differentiation has to be made between acute…
Fig. 6.1 Reticular bone bruising, distant from the articular surface. Top arrow indicates bruising of the distal tibia and the lower red arrow indicates bruising of the talus Mechanical malalignment…
Fig. 7.1 Arthroscopic view of cartilage lesion with palpable defect Fig. 7.2 Articular bone bed after curettage of cartilage injury Fig. 7.3 After performing microfractures with bleeding bone bed Fig….
