Musculoskeletal Key

Repair of Peroneal Tendon Tears Christopher E. Gross Selene G. Parekh James A. Nunley II Mark E. Easley DEFINITION Pathology of the peroneal tendons may be due to a singular…

Achilles Tendon Lengthening Jeremy M. LaMothe David S. Levine DEFINITION A plantarflexion contracture is defined as the inability to passively dorsiflex the ankle at least 5 degrees past neutral, with…

Flexor Hallucis Longus Transfer for Achilles Tendinosis Bryan D. Den Hartog Jr. DEFINITION Insertional and midsubstance Achilles tendinosis is a painful degenerative process that arises due to mechanical and vascular…

Open Management of Achilles Tendinopathy Nicola Maffulli Umile Giuseppe Longo DEFINITION Tendinopathy of the Achilles tendon involves clinical conditions in and around the tendon arising from overuse.1 Tendinopathy of the…

Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Augmentation for the Treatment of Insertional Achilles Tendinosis William C. McGarvey Thomas O. Clanton DEFINITION The term insertional Achilles tendinitis (IAT) is actually a misnomer. The…

Insertional Achilles Tendinopathy Mark E. Easley Matthew J. DeOrio DEFINITION Insertional Achilles tendinopathy is posterior heel pain at the insertion of the Achilles tendon. The clinical diagnosis is acute and…

Retrocalcaneal Bursoscopy (Endoscopic Removal of Bone, Bursa, and Paratenon) Angus M. McBryde Fred W. Ortmann DEFINITION AND INTRODUCTION Patrick Haglund in 1928 described an enlarged posterior border of the os…

Medial Ankle/Deltoid Ligament Reconstruction Beat Hintermann Markus Knupp Victor Valderrabano DEFINITION Pronation injuries of the ankle joint complex may result in a partial or complete disruption of the superficial anterior…

Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair: Perspective 1 Karen M. Sutton Sandra L. Tomak Lamar L. Fleming DEFINITION Achilles tendon ruptures typically occur about 2 to 6 cm proximal to the tendon’s…

Percutaneous Achilles Tendon Repair: Perspective 2 Alessio Giai Via Nicola Maffulli Francesco Oliva DEFINITION Rupture of the Achilles tendon is common. More than 20% of acute injuries are misdiagnosed, leading…