Pulmonary Stenosis
Pulmonary Stenosis John P. Cheatham Obstruction of pulmonary blood flow may occur within the right ventricle, at the valve, or anywhere in the pulmonary arterial system. In general terms, pulmonary…
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Patent Ductus Arteriosus Charles E. Mullins The patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) occurs normally as an essential structure in the fetus and becomes abnormal only when it persists after birth. In…
Ventricular Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal Defect Carl H. Gumbiner Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most common cardiac abnormality in children, with a prevalence of 1.5 to 2.5 per 1,000 live births. One-third…
Defects of the Atrial Septum, Including the Atrioventricular Canal
Defects of the Atrial Septum, Including the Atrioventricular Canal G. Wesley Vick III Louis I. Bezold Congenital defects of the atrial septum are common occurrences. They may be located in…
Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy
Cardiac Malposition and Heterotaxy Howard P. Gutgesell CARDIAC MALPOSITION The term cardiac malposition implies location of the heart anywhere other than in its usual position in the left hemithorax, or…
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome
Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome Benjamin W. Eidem First described by Lev in 1952, hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) is a constellation of congenital cardiac anomalies characterized by hypoplasia of the…
Single Ventricle
Single Ventricle Edward V. Colvin A univentricular atrioventricular (AV) connection is present when both atria are connected to a single chamber within the ventricular mass. Even though most hearts so…
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Eisenmenger Syndrome Stephen M. Paridon Eisenmenger syndrome comprises a group of cardiac defects that share a common pathophysiology: pulmonary vascular obstructive disease resulting in a right-to-left cardiac level shunting of…
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle
Double-Outlet Right Ventricle Michael J. Silka Double-outlet right ventricle (DORV) refers to a diverse group of congenital heart defects characterized by common origin of both the aorta and the pulmonary…
Tetralogy of Fallot
Tetralogy of Fallot William H. Neches Sang C. Park Jose A. Ettedgui Tetralogy of Fallot refers to a spectrum of anatomic abnormalities that have in common a large, unrestrictive ventricular…
