History and Examination of the Leg
Hip Make sure that you have adequate exposure on both sides so that the normal can be compared with the abnormal. Use the system ‘look, feel, move’ (see Chapters 3,…
Problems Presenting in the Spine
Neck Function The neck is highly mobile. It is highly susceptible to injury because the weight of the head creates large forces in high energy accidents. Presentation Cervical spondylosis (arthritis)…
History and Examination of the Spine
History All patients must have had backache at some time in their lives. Check with them how this episode differs from any others, as this may reveal signs of sinister…
History and Examination of the Arm
Introduction Problems in the upper limb may arise from nerve entrapment in the neck, so always check the neck when examining the upper limb. Do not forget to use both…
Problems Presenting in the Arm
Shoulder Function Loss of shoulder movement severely compromises the function of the upper limb. A patient with limited mobility in the shoulder should, if possible, be able to put their…
Musculoskeletal Structure and Function
1 Musculoskeletal structure and function The locomotor system is composed of bone, cartilage, muscle, tendons and ligaments. Bone Bone is essentially a mineralised connective tissue. It is comprised of two…
