Musculoskeletal Key

PRIMARY GOUT Gout is diagnosed mainly in males. Males have higher levels of serum uric acid than women until menopause because estrogen has a uricosuric effect. Although the genetic factors…

Hemarthrosis symptoms vary with the severity of the hemorrhage. A larger hemorrhage initiates an acute inflammatory reaction in the joint, which becomes swollen, warm, very tender, and painful to move….

Clinical Manifestations. Tuberculous arthritis often involves only one joint. In order of frequency, the joints affected are the spine, hip, knee, elbow, ankle, sacroiliac, shoulder, and wrist. The onset of…

Many different diseases can cause the arthropathy. The leading cause in Western countries is diabetic neuropathy, and neuropathic arthropathy occurs in approximately 7.5% of diabetic patients but more frequently in…

Pathogenesis. Microorganisms first traverse the highly vascular synovial membrane and subsynovial tissue, where they propagate. This incites an acute inflammatory process characterized histologically by infiltration with polymorphonuclear cells and later…

Two types of bacteria cause reactive arthritis in the majority of cases: • Bacteria that cause bowel infection such as Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia, Campylobacter, Clostridium difficile, and Chlamydia pneumoniae •…

Clinical Manifestations. Most people who develop psoriatic arthritis have skin symptoms of psoriasis first; however, in 15% of people symptoms of arthritis may appear before the diagnosis of psoriasis. There…

• DMARDs, preferably sulfasalazine, may be given along with NSAIDs to slow or stop the progression of the disease in patients with predominant peripheral arthritis. • Glucocorticoid injections can be…

Radiographic Findings. One of the hallmarks of ankylosing spondylitis is involvement of the sacroiliac joints, and this has been the key radiographic finding that is needed to help confirm the…

The male-to-female ratio is approximately 3 to 1, with prevalence from 0.1% to 6.0% across different populations. The onset of clinical manifestations usually occurs in young adults. Pathology. The primary…