Introduction Over the last decade, anatomical anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction that restores the original size and location of the ACL insertion is widely performed. Anatomical studies have been performed…
Introduction In order to perform a successful anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction, the surgeon must make a number of steps that require correct judgment and execution, but there is evidence…
Introduction Intraoperative fluoroscopy offers the knee surgeon a simple, non-invasive, cost-effective, accurate, and reproducible method to achieve anatomic placement of the femoral and tibial bone tunnels when performing an anterior…
Many factors influence the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. Technical factors including surgical method, tunnel positioning, graft type, graft tension, and fixation, as well as clinical factors including…
Introduction The correct placement of the femoral tunnel is very essential for the success of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. The transtibial drilling of the femoral tunnel has been…
Introduction Drilling the femoral tunnel via the tibial tunnel (transtibial tunnel drilling or TTTD) has been the standard technique since the early days of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) and…
Abstract This chapter summarizes the most important results of studies comparing single- and double-bundle reconstruction. Both in terms of rotatory laxity and AP laxity all significant objective findings except two…
Abstract Still a lot of controversies and unsolved problems are in the focus for reaching an optimal treatment of the ruptured Anterior Cruciate Ligament. Historically there has been a long…
Introduction The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is composed of the anteromedial bundle (AMB) and the posterolateral bundle (PLB), each with a different function. The author reported the first practical double-bundle…
Abstract Performing an anatomic single-bundle anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) using a three-portal surgical technique reconstruction ensures that an adequate length femoral tunnel and optimal visualization of the ACL femoral and…
