Disorders of the Acromioclavicular Joint
Developmental Anatomy The clavicle and scapula are joined together by ligamentous structures existing in two separate locations, one a diarthrodial joint and the other a space, partially occupied by a…
Gross Anatomy of the Shoulder
We are faced with a paradox in shoulder anatomy. Knowledge regarding the details of shoulder anatomy has increased along with knowledge regarding its clinical significance. However, our exposure is decreasing….
The Shoulder in Athletes
Repetitive overhead movements and contact sports exert great stress on the shoulder, often at extreme ranges of motion. As a result, the shoulder is a common site of pathology and…
The Biceps Tendon
In the early 1980s it was not uncommon to see patients who had undergone isolated biceps tenodesis when in reality their symptoms emanated from rotator cuff disease and impingement syndrome….
Tumors and Related Conditions
Musculoskeletal tumors represent approximately 10% of all orthopedic diagnoses and may present a formidable clinical challenge because of their varying presentations and biologic behavior. They may come to clinical attention…
Nerve Problems Related to the Shoulder
Patients with shoulder pain or injuries not infrequently have concomitant neurologic conditions, and orthopedic surgeons caring for such patients must be aware of them. In addition, the practice of reconstructive…
Disorders of the Sternoclavicular Joint
The first detailed case report of a sternoclavicular (SC) joint injury appeared as early as 1843, and numerous related articles were published in the late nineteenth century. However, it was…
The Stiff Shoulder
The shoulder is a complex articulation consisting of the glenohumeral joint, scapulothoracic joint, and acromioclavicular joint. During normal shoulder elevation, there is a balance of motion between these articulations driven…
Fractures of the Scapula
The scapula is quite important in the functioning of the upper extremity. Lying over the posterior chest wall, it is an integral part of the connection between the upper extremity…
Occupational Shoulder Disorders
Musculoskeletal disorders can be characterized as “work-related diseases.” The World Health Organization (WHO) has described these diseases as multifactorial, with work contributing significantly, although not exclusively, to their causation. The…
