The 13-point shoulder ultrasound examination
The first documented protocol for using musculoskeletal (MSK) ultrasound to evaluate the shoulder was published in 1984 by Middleton et al. Since 1984, there have been ongoing advances in ultrasound…
Anterior instability: Epidemiology, history, physical examination, imaging, and nonoperative treatment
Epidemiology Anterior shoulder instability can arise from primarily three different etiologies: trauma, congenital laxity, and acquired laxity. Determining the difference between instability and laxity is essential. Matsen proposed most patients…
Structure and function of the rotator cuff
Rotator cuff structure Anatomic overview The rotator cuff consists of four muscle-tendon units: the subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, and teres minor ( Fig. 50.1 ). These four muscles have their origins…
Clinical management of shoulder sepsis
Presentation Pain, loss of motion, and effusion are early signs of infection. However, shoulder effusion is difficult to detect and is often missed. Motion is painful, and the arm is…
Opinion editorial—soft tissue bankart: Still the gold standard
ABOUT THE EXPERT Hiroyuki Sugaya, MD, served as Chairman of Sports Medicine & Joint Center in Funabashi Orthopaedic Hospital for 18 years. Dr. Sugaya opened Tokyo Sports & Orthopaedic Clinic…
Multidirectional instability—rehabilitation and return to sport
Traditionally the classification of shoulder instability has been based primarily on etiology and the direction of the instability. In other words, traumatic versus atraumatic in onset and anterior, posterior, or…
Relevant anatomy, biomechanics, and classification of sternoclavicular joint disorders
Surgical anatomy of the sternoclavicular joint The sternoclavicular (SC) joint is a diarthrodial joint and is the only true articulation between the upper extremity and axial skeleton. Because less than…
Molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis of shoulder sepsis
Microanatomy and cell biology The hyaline cartilage of the articular surface is essentially acellular and consists of horizontally arranged collagen fibers in proteoglycan macromolecules. The boundaries of the joint cavity…
Opinion editorial—concavity compression
ABOUT THE EXPERTS Frederick A. Matsen III, MD, is a Professor of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine at the University of Washington. His life in shoulder began with a fellowship in…
Opinion editorial—use and abuse of the latarjet procedure
ABOUT THE EXPERT Gilles Walch, MD, is an orthopedic surgeon specialized in shoulder surgery. He is a senior partner at the Shoulder Department of Centre Orthopedique Santy and at Hospital…
