CRITICAL POINTS ▪ Shoulder instability can be unidirectional, bidirectional, or multidirectional. ▪ Unidirectional anterior instability is the most common pattern of shoulder instability. ▪ Instability occurs along a spectrum and…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ The key clinical examination finding for frozen shoulder (FS) is the loss of at least 50% of passive external rotation (ER) at the side. ▪ Successful treatment…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ Shoulder instability constitutes a spectrum of disorders that includes laxity, subluxation, and dislocation. ▪ Immobilization has little effect on outcome after traumatic dislocation. ▪ The prognosis for…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ Lateral or medial collateral ligament surgical repair is rare in the acute selting unless there is a loss of articular support. ▪ Chronic medial collateral ligament instability…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ The medial elbow is exposed to tensile forces, and the lateral elbow is forcefully compressed during the throwing motion, therefore both ligament complexes are at risk for…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ Treatment and rehabilitation of extensor tendon injury can be equally complex, demanding, time consuming, and disappointing as flexor tendon injury. ▪ The display of extensor tendons over…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ Effective rehabilitation of the stiff hand requires that the effects of immobilization be minimized while not overloading healing tissue. ▪ Interosseous muscle tightness frequently contributes to limited…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ Diagnostic wrist arthroscopy has changed our ability to understand the painful wrist. ▪ Therapeutic wrist arthroscopy has revolutionized the treatment of many wrist conditions. Few advances in…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ A complete rupture of the biceps tendon is an acute event that occurs when an unexpected large load is applied to the flexed arm. ▪ A sudden…
CRITICAL POINTS ▪ Capsule irritation precedes motion loss. ▪ Passive range of motion and active range of motion are symmetrical in all stages. ▪ Loss of motion is initially in…
