6 Structure and Function of Muscles
Richard L. Lieber and Jan Fridén 6 Structure and Function of Muscles 6.1 Overview The functional abilities of the hand and upper extremity occur by the integration of several systems….
1 The Story of Hand Anatomy
David E. Tate, Jr. 1 The Story of Hand Anatomy Progress in knowledge of anatomy of the human hand has paralleled that of knowledge of human anatomy in general. This…
5 The Hand and the Brain
Anders Björkman 5 The Hand and the Brain 5.1 Introduction The everyday use of hands is highly dependent on the interaction between the sensory and motor systems in the central…
4 Joint Senses and Proprioception
Elisabet Hagert and Susanne Rein 4 Joint Senses and Proprioception “The experience of hands is tactile … They live in the land of feeling where touch is everything And where…
3 Sense and Proprioception
Vasudeva G. Iyer 3 Sense and Proprioception Movements with precision and dexterity are essential for achieving the multitude of functions demanded of the human hand; although it is the cerebral…
20 A New Concept in Drop Foot Treatment: Ninkovic’s Technique—the Neuromusculotendinous Gastrocnemius Transfer
Milomir Ninkovic, Alexander De Heinrich, and Marina Ninkovic Summary A “drop foot” deformity may be due to peroneal nerve injury or muscle damage of the anterior and/or lateral compartments. When…
15 Basic Local Perforator Flaps of the Lower Extremity
Geoffrey G. Hallock, Mouchammed Agko, Hung-Chi Chen, S. Raja Sabapathy, Hari Venkatramani, and Madhu Periasamy Summary Some consider a perforator flap to be a variant of a fasciocutaneous flap that…
23 Bone Flaps and Bone Transport for Lower Limb Reconstruction
Matthew Iorio, Stephen Andrew Sems, and Steven L. Moran Summary Bone defects of greater than 5 cm are best managed with vascularized bone flaps. The fibula has remained the most…
22 Procurement of Thin Flaps as Indicated in the Lower Extremity
Joon Pio Hong Summary Elevation on the superficial fascia (super-thin) is a new approach for elevating flaps. It has advantages such as providing a thin flap allowing increased versatility to…
25 Lower Limb Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation
Pedro C. Cavadas Summary Lower limb vascularized composite allotransplantation (VCA) is not immunologically different from solid organ transplantation; so any recipients will require lifelong immune suppression (IS) to prevent rejection,…
