Pediatric Spinal Cord Injury
In this article, an overview is provided of pediatric spinal cord injury, organized by effects of this injury on various organ systems. Specific management differences between children and adults with…
Evaluation of Phrenic Nerve and Diaphragm Function with Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and M-Mode Ultrasonography in Potential Pediatric Phrenic Nerve or Diaphragm Pacing Candidates
Assessing phrenic nerve function in the setting of diaphragmatic paralysis in diaphragm pacing candidates can be challenging. Traditional imaging modalities and electrodiagnostic evaluations are technically difficult. Either modality alone is…
Scoliosis, Spinal Fusion, and Intrathecal Baclofen Pump Implantation
This article reviews the incidence, management, and complications of scoliosis in patients with cerebral palsy. Treatment of scoliosis in patients with cerebral palsy includes both nonoperative and operative management and…
Pediatric Limb Differences and Amputations
Congenital limb differences are uncommon birth defects that may go undetected even with prenatal screening ultrasound scans and often go undetected until birth. For children with congenital limb differences, a…
Intrathecal Baclofen Bolus Dosing and Catheter Tip Placement in Pediatric Tone Management
Intrathecal baclofen (ITB), administered by an implanted pump, has emerged as an efficacious therapy for the treatment of hypertonicity in pediatrics. Although ITB has been used for more than 20 years…
Pediatric Tone Management
Tone management is one of the primary roles of a pediatric physiatrist. Hypertonicity frequently inhibits normal movement patterns in children with central nervous system lesions but at times can reinforce…
The Importance of Good Nutrition in Children with Cerebral Palsy
Poor nutritional status, which is common in children with cerebral palsy (CP), has generated considerable interest because of its wide-ranging impact on the children’s health and well-being. Understanding the causes…
Pathophysiology of Muscle Contractures in Cerebral Palsy
Patients with cerebral palsy present with a variety of adaptations to muscle structure and function. These pathophysiologic symptoms include functional deficits such as decreased force production and range of motion,…
Transition to Adult Care for Patients with Spina Bifida
More individuals with spina bifida are living into adulthood, and unique challenges arise as they age. These patients have multiple organ system involvement in addition to physical impairments, disabilities, cognitive…
Common Complications of Pediatric Neuromuscular Disorders
Children with pediatric neuromuscular disorders experience common complications, primarily due to immobility and weakness. Musculoskeletal complications include hip dysplasia with associated hip subluxation or dislocation, neuromuscular scoliosis, and osteoporosis and…
