Despite its classic clinical presentation, and even when confirmed by compatible imaging findings of a herniated disc, the radiculopathy diagnosis provides only limited assistance for making decisions about treatment. The…
Epidural steroid injection (ESI) has been used to treat cervical radiculopathy for several decades. Generally, available studies demonstrate favorable results, although definitive evidence of efficacy is lacking. ESIs are not…
Cervical radiculopathy, when resistant to conservative treatment, can require surgical treatment. There are numerous surgical treatment options available, such as posterior cervical foraminotomy, anterior cervical foraminotomy, anterior cervical diskectomy and…
Conservative management of low back pain includes the use of lumbar epidural steroid injections, which have become increasingly more popular in the last 20 years. The body of literature regarding…
Lumbar disk herniation is a significant cause of lumbar radiculopathy and results in billions of dollars in health care expenditure. Herniated lumbar disks cause mechanical and chemical irritation of the…
Pharmaceutical treatments for radiculopathy include opioid, antiinflammatory (steroidal and nonsteroidal), neuromodulating, topical, and adjuvant treatments. These medications act locally, peripherally, or centrally on the neural axis. This article reviews the…
In this systematic review, we present a comprehensive and up-to-date systematic review of the literature as it relates to the efficacy and effectiveness of spinal manipulation or mobilization in the…
Lumbosacral radiculopathy is relatively common, and most cases resolve with appropriate conservative management. Along with pain control, the mainstay of treatment is a comprehensive rehabilitation program to correct for biomechanical…
Electrodiagnostic studies play an important role in the evaluation of radiculopathy. This article reviews the use of standard nerve conduction studies, late responses, evoked potentials, and needle electrode examination in…
History and physical examination is the cornerstone in the appropriate diagnosis and treatment of any patient. A comprehensive physical examination is necessary to aid in determining distributions of symptoms and…
