Therapeutic Exercises
Therapeutic exercises or exercise therapy is a major component in the management of various disorders. It can be defined as any prescribed and supervised exercise program, in which, during therapy…
Imaging for Chronic Spinal Pain
Imaging is commonly considered an essential component in evaluation of the patient with back and/or neck pain. However, evidence of its effectiveness is often wanting. This chapter examines the literature…
Zygapophysial Joint Pain: Procedures for Diagnosis and Treatment
Zygapophysial joint (ZJ) pain stems from synovial ZJs, which are formed by adjacent articular processes (or apophyses) of the vertebrae. In the past, these joints were commonly called “facet joints”…
Manual Therapy
Certainly many of our patients equate manual therapy exclusively with the manipulative thrust or high-velocity, low-amplitude (HVLA) maneuver practiced by clinicians in the diverse professions of physical therapy, medicine, chiropractic,…
Spinal Cord Stimulation and Implanted Intrathecal Drug Infusion
The human experience of chronic pain is a complex bio-psychosocial disorder and effective management requires concerted effort from multiple sources. Implanted pain therapy devices have gained significant popularity as useful…
Epidural Steroid Injections: Cervical, Thoracic, and Lumbar: Transforaminal, Interlaminar, and Caudal
History The term epidural merely denotes a space within the spinal canal but is applied to a variety of injection procedures. They may be classified as to region of interest:…
Electrical Stimulation
Historical Perspective Long before the development of modern electricity, “natural electricity” was used for its therapeutic properties of inducing analgesia. In the earliest written description of an electric fish, Aristotle…
Thermal Applications
Thermal or heat modalities have been popular treatments for soft tissue dysfunction and pain management for centuries. Hot baths, infrared lamps, water bottles, moist warm towels, warm compresses, ultrasound, and…
Sacroiliac Joint Pain: Procedures for Diagnosis and Treatment
Over the last 2 decades, the sacroiliac joint (SIJ) has increasingly been recognized as an anatomic source of pain that figures in the differential diagnosis of a patient presenting with…
