Rodeo and Equestrian Sports
Equestrian Events Introduction Data are sparse, but the risk of injury while riding or working with horses is higher than that in automobile racing, motorcycle riding, football, and skiing and…
Mixed Martial Arts
General Principles Overview • The popularity of mixed martial arts (MMA) has grown tremendously in the last 20 years. • Despite this incredible growth, there is still a paucity of…
Road Biking
General Principles Races Road Racing Stage races: Multiday races over consecutive days with daily stage winners and an overall winner based on cumulative time; mass start races where the athletes…
Swimming and Diving
Swimming Introduction • Swimming is the most popular aquatic sports discipline and is an important part of triathlon and water polo. Epidemiology • At the international level, swimming and the…
Inline Skating, Skateboarding, and Bicycle Motocross
Inline Skating History • Inline skates date back to 1849; Louis Legrange crafted a pair with wooden wheels to simulate ice skates for a scene in Giacomo Meyerbeer’s opera La…
Martial Arts
Introduction • Martial arts are bodies of codified practices or traditions of training for unarmed and armed combat, usually without the use of guns and other modern weapons. • People…
Cheerleading
Introduction • Cheerleading reportedly originated in the 1880s, when Princeton University formed an all-male pep club to support its football team. However, some have called University of Minnesota student Johnny…
Ice Skating (Figure Skating and Speed Skating)
Figure Skating Introduction • Figure skating is a sport that focuses on a unique combination of athleticism, strength, endurance, gracefulness, and artistry on ice. • Today, over 178,000 members and…
