Knee Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Knee
Knee Anatomy Francesc Malagelada Jordi Vega Pau Golanó The knee is the largest joint in the human body and one of the most complex from a functional point of view. It is also…
Extensor Mechanism Injuries of the Knee
Patellar and Quadriceps Tendinopathies and Ruptures The patellofemoral articulation encounters one of the highest joint reaction forces in the body. Competent patellar and quadriceps tendons are essential for proper function,…
Knee Diagnosis and Decision Making
For the experienced practitioner, the history and physical examination remains the most efficient, sensitive, specific, accurate, and cost-effective method of establishing a diagnosis in patients with knee-related complaints. Several investigators…
Imaging of the Knee
Radiographs Radiographs are often the initial imaging study performed for a patient presenting with knee pain, swelling, or decreased range of motion. Radiographs can also aid in the evaluation of…
Hip Anatomy and Biomechanics
The hip joint ( coxa in Latin) is the articulation connecting the pelvis and the femur. It is an encapsulated synovial joint with a ball and socket architecture in which…
Lateral and Posterolateral Corner Injuries of the Knee
As understanding of the posterolateral corner (PLC) has increased, its significance to overall knee function and biomechanics has become clearer. Although it is a relatively uncommon injury, PLC injuries can…
Patellar Instability
Patellar instability is a broad topic that encompasses a continuum of patellar abnormalities ranging from asymptomatic maltracking to debilitating recurrent dislocations. To address this complex topic, it is important to…
Patellofemoral Pain
Overview of Pathologies Patellofemoral pain is a common musculoskeletal ailment in active adolescents and adults. The incidence may be as high as 50% in some populations. Patellofemoral pain, which is…
Vascular Problems of the Knee
The most common source of pain and dysfunction in the lower limb of the athlete is musculoskeletal in origin; nevertheless, vascular pathology may also present in a similar fashion. Sports…
Medial Collateral Ligament and Posterior Medial Corner Injuries
Medial ligament injuries of the knee are often assumed to be only medial collateral ligament (MCL) injuries. However, the medial ligament includes not only the MCL but also posteromedial structures…
