Successful pregnancy is considered a Th1–Th2 cooperation phenomenon (Th, T-helper), with a predominantly Th2-type lymphocytes response, together with the emerging role of interleukin (IL)-12, IL-15 and IL-18 and of other…
Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a multisystem disease with a variable clinical course and a poor prognosis corresponding to extent of microangiopathy and skin and internal organ fibrosis. Microvascular damage provokes…
The immune system must be able to discriminate between self and non-self. However, mechanisms of doing so sometimes fail, causing the activation and clonal expansion of autoreactive lymphocytes and the…
The development of autoimmunity and autoimmune diseases is believed to involve interactions between genes, hormones and the environment and was labelled in 1989 as ‘the mosaic of autoimmunity’. This complex…
