Exercise-Induced Bronchospasm Definitions: Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is defined as a decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV 1 ) or peak expiratory flow rate shortly after the onset…
General Principles • An estimated 76.4 million Americans over the age of 20 years have hypertension (HTN). • HTN is the most common cardiovascular condition observed in competitive athletes. •…
General Principles • Headache is one of the most common disorders and symptoms reported to primary care, the emergency department, and team physicians. • Complaints of headache account for 1%–4%…
General Principles • Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion leading to an absolute insulin deficiency due to…
Introduction • In the early days of sporting events, coaches and athletes learned through trial and error that they could not simultaneously develop maximal endurance and maximal power. They found…
Introduction • Overtraining syndrome (OTS) is a medical disorder occurring in athletes, and it is complicated by several diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Current research in this area is limited by…
Heat Production Exercise: The Body’s Furnace due to the Inefficiency of Work • The body utilizes energy in the form of energy-rich chemical compounds to perform work that is required…
General Principles Physiology of Cold Exposure Mechanisms of Heat Loss Radiation • Radiation involves the direct emission or absorption of heat energy from the body (mostly infrared radiation). • Radiation…
Anatomy Genitourinary system: Composed of internal and external organs of the urinary and genital/reproductive systems. Both systems are contained in the abdominal and pelvic regions. Urinary system: Comprises kidneys, ureters,…
Definition • According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Code, doping is defined as the occurrence of one or more of the following antidoping rule violations: • Presence of a…
