General Principles Cervical spine injuries are most often seen in football and hockey but have occurred in wrestling, rugby, baseball, lacrosse, and mountain biking. Anatomy • There are seven cervical…

General Principles • Head injuries in sports are comparatively mild compared with those in high-velocity motor vehicle accidents (MVAs), yet they remain significant and important injuries for team physicians to…

General Principles • The overall goal of rehabilitation is to enhance the recovery of injured tissues and avoid stresses that may prove deleterious to the healing process. • This is…

Connective Tissue Disorders Marfan Syndrome Overview: Inheritable autosomal-dominant genetic condition that affects the processing of fibrillin; it is caused by >400 mutations in the gene encoding fibrillin-1 (FBN-1), located on…

General Classification of Musculoskeletal Sports Injuries Musculoskeletal sports injuries can be classified as traumatic or overuse injuries. Traumatic Injuries Description: Result from specific episode(s) of trauma, whether recent (acute) or…

General Principles • Skin infections account for 21% of illnesses and injuries reported in collegiate and 8.5% in high school sports. • In collegiate sports, skin infections account for 1%–2%…

The Athlete’s Heart Definition Intense regular physical exercise can induce physiologic and morphologic cardiac changes known as “athlete’s heart”. These adaptations are considered a normal response to repetitive exercise training….

Introduction • Sudden death related to cardiovascular disorders is the most common cause of death among athletes during sports and exercise. • Genetic cardiovascular disorders, such as cardiomyopathies and ion…

Epilepsy and Seizure Activity in Athletes Definition Seizure: A transient disruption of brain function from abnormal, excessive, synchronous neuronal activity in the brain; its clinical manifestation depends on the specific…