Biomechanics
Key Points Kinematics is the study of the geometric and time-dependent aspects of motion without analyzing the forces causing the motion. Kinetics is the study of the forces that cause…
RHEUMATOLOGY
Muscle: Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry
Key Points The structure and function of skeletal muscle and its neural recruitment pattern can change rapidly in response to activity level (i.e., plasticity). The smallest functional unit of muscle,…
Biology, Physiology, and Morphology of Bone
Key Points Intramembranous or endochondral ossification generates bone tissue. Bones consist of a dense cortical shell and sponge-like trabecular network. Bone formation depends on metabolically active osteoblasts synthesizing matrix proteins….
Cartilage and Chondrocytes
Key Points Articular cartilage matrix is heterogeneous and contains a core matrisome of key extra-cellular matrix (ECM) proteins, of which the large aggregating proteoglycan aggrecan and collagen types II, IX,…
Biology of the Normal Joint
Key Points Condensation of mesenchymal cells, which differentiate into chondrocytes, results in formation of the cartilage anlagen, which provides the template for the developing skeleton. During development of the synovial…
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome in Distal Radius Fractures
Key Points • Diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is challenging and remains a hot topic of debate as despite decades of research, the etiology remains entirely unclear. •…
Wrist Contracture After Distal Radius Fractures
Key Points • The origin of a posttraumatic wrist joint stiffness can be either extra-articular, intraarticular, or both. • Surgical arthrolysis is a viable option that can be performed via…
Posttraumatic Radiocarpal Arthritis
Key Points • Before embarking for salvage procedures, conservative treatment and corrective osteotomy should have been considered. • If these measures are inapplicable or fail, partial or extensive wrist denervation…
Posttraumatic DRUJ Arthritis
Key Points • Salvage procedures of distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) arthritis after distal radius fractures (DRFs) can be divided in resection arthroplasties and implant arthroplasties. • Corrective osteotomy, ulnar shortening,…
