Conscious sedation and analgesia are often overlooked aspects of interventional pain procedures. Patients expect to be comfortable during their injections. Physicians tend to concentrate more on the procedure with the…
The evolution of the definition of pain and the influence of the importance of various biopsychosocial factors can be observed through various theories, all of which attempt to provide a…
Local anesthetics, corticosteroids, contrast agents, neurolytic agents, and viscosupplementation are used commonly in pain management procedures. At times, medications to treat adverse reactions are required. As emphasized throughout this text,…
Pain procedures are a useful adjunct in managing pain and functional problems. The pain physician, as a diagnostician, can derive valuable information from the results of these procedures and from…
Introduction John Apostolakos, BS Mark P. Cote, PT, DPT, MSCTR Knut Beitzel, MA, MD Augustus D. Mazzocca, MS, MD Epidemiology • Acromioclavicular (AC) joint injuries are considered among the most common orthopedic injuries to…
Introduction Robert F. LaPrade, MD, PhD Casey M. Pierce, MD Scott A. Wilkins, DPT, OCS Epidemiology • Injuries to the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) are rare compared with ACL injuries. • Comprise between…
Introduction Nathan A. Mall, MD Bryan M. Saltzman, MD Andrew S. Lee, MD Brian J. Cole, MD, MBA Epidemiology Age • Approximately 4% to 5% of the general population is thought to have focal,…
Introduction Thomas J. Gill, MD Kaitlin M. Carroll, BS Amee L. Seitz, PT, PhD, DPT, OCS Background • Superior labral tears were originally described by Andrews et al. in 1985 as lesions that involve…
Introduction J. Martin Leland, MD Epidemiology • Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) ruptures are common athletic injuries with over 100,000 reconstruction surgeries performed annually in the United States • ACL ruptures most…
Introduction Nathan A. Mall, MD Bryan M. Saltzman, MD Andrew S. Lee, MD Brian J. Cole, MD, MBA Epidemiology Age • Approximately 4% to 5% of the general population is thought to have focal,…
