Abstract Rotator cuff tear occurs because of direct trauma or degeneration and can involve partial- or full-thickness. Degenerative rotator cuff tear tends to occur in adults over 40 years of…

Abstract The term lateral epicondylitis describes inflammation, pain, or tenderness in the region of the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Although epicondylitis implies an inflammatory process, inflammatory cells are not…

Abstract The glenoid labrum is a densely fibrous tissue that is located along the periphery of the glenoid portion of the scapula. It functions to provide increased stability, while still…

Abstract Medial epicondylitis describes inflammation, pain, or tenderness in the region of the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Although epicondylitis implies an inflammatory process, inflammatory cells are not identified histologically….

Abstract The rotator cuff is composed of subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles and serves as stabilizer of the shoulder joint. Rotator cuff disease, one of the common causes…

Abstract Once considered a diagnosis of exclusion, suprascapular neuropathy (SN) is now becoming a well-recognized condition stemming from traction or compression of the suprascapular nerve. The indirect course of the…

Abstract Shoulder instability represents a spectrum of disorders ranging from shoulder subluxation to shoulder dislocation. The glenohumeral joint has a high degree of mobility at the expense of stability supported…

Abstract Biceps tendon injuries are typically overuse injuries that impact shoulder function. Symptoms involve complaints of anterior shoulder pain that are worse with activities involving elbow flexion and overhead movement….

Abstract Biceps tendon rupture is either complete or partial disruption of the tendon of the biceps brachii muscle that can occur proximally or distally. Structural and histological considerations need to…

Abstract Primary adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is an idiopathic, progressive, painful but self-limited restriction of active and passive range of motion. The onset is insidious and progresses through several…