Abstract This chapter covers assessment and treatment of flexion deformities of the toe, commonly known as mallet toe. Treatment options include non-surgical interventions (physical therapy, foot orthotics, injections) and surgical…

Abstract Metatarsalgia is a common cause of foot pain and occurs on the plantar surface at the region of the second and third metatarsal heads. This is usually caused by…

Abstract Ankle arthritis is inflammation of the ankle (talocrural) joint producing symptoms of pain, stiffness, swelling, and often warmth. It can be caused by wear and tear (osteo- or degenerative),…

Abstract The menisci are increasingly appreciated for the integral role they play in structural stabilization, proprioception, and load transmission in the knee. Each meniscus varies slightly in anatomic structure, which…

Abstract Hammer toe deformity is the most common lesser toe condition that consists of lesser toe metatarsophalangeal joint extension, proximal interphalangeal joint flexion, and distal interphalangeal joint extension. They can…

Abstract Objective: To educate clinicians regarding foot and ankle bursitis. Methods: Discussion of terminology specific to this subject, physical examination, functional limitations, diagnostic studies, treatment options, potential disease complications, and…

Abstract The iliotibial band (ITB) is a dense fascia on the lateral aspect of the knee and hip. Iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS) is an overuse injury typically referring to lateral…

Abstract Background: Stress fracture is the end result of a continuum of biologic responses to stress placed on bone. Stress fractures are complete or partial bone fractures caused by the…

Abstract Chronic ankle instability is a condition characterized by a constellation of symptoms, typically including pain, weakness, and a feeling that the ankle episodically gives way, that persist after an…