Abstract Ankle sprains are a common cause of morbidity in the general and athletic population. The majority of sprains involve the lateral aspect of the ankle, affecting the anterior talofibular…

Abstract Arachnoiditis is the development of chronic inflammation and progressive fibrosis of the arachnoid and pia layers of the meninges from physical or chemical irritation. As arachnoiditis progresses, inflammation can…

Abstract Morton’s neuroma refers to a compressive neuropathy of the interdigital nerve along the distal edge of the intermetatarsal ligament in the third webspace. Clinical history and physical exam can…

Abstract Tibial mononeuropathy at the ankle, also known as tarsal tunnel syndrome (TTS), and the tibial branch neuropathy referred to as Baxter neuropathy (BN) are both entrapment neuropathies of branches…

Abstract Abdominal wall pain, a specific subset of abdominal pain, is often overlooked by healthcare providers. It is estimated that 2% to 3% of patients with an initial complaint of…

Abstract Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is the most common cause of acquired flatfoot in the adult. It occurs when the posterior tibial tendon becomes chronically inflamed and stressed (tendinosis) or…

Abstract Hallux rigidus is arthritis of the big toe metatarsophalangeal joint. It is the commonest arthritic condition of the foot, second only to hallux valgus (bunion) associated with the big…

Abstract Plantar fasciitis is one of the most common causes of heel pain in adults. Up to 15% of the population will be affected by heel pain. Although clinical history…

Abstract The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) provides important contributions to the stability and normal biomechanical function of the knee. Injury to the PCL is relatively rare in isolation, but more…

Abstract Hallux valgus, also known as a bunion, is the most common deformity of the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint, resulting in the proximal phalanx deviating laterally and the first metatarsal…