Foot Fracture of the calcaneus History and examination Acute fractures usually occur as the result of a fall from a height and are therefore uncommon in sports. Investigation X-ray. Treatment…

Ankle and Lower Leg Examination of the ankle Inspection The ankle contains three joints: Talocrural joint. Inferior tibiofibular joint. Subtalar joint. With the feet in a symmetrical position the subtalar…

Exercise Physiology What happens when we exercise? The individual response to exercise depends on a number of factors: Type of exercise stress encountered; level of training, conditioning, and nutritional and…

Hip and Pelvis Examination The usual presenting complaints are: Pain. Limp. Discomfort leading to reduced walking/running distances. Snapping or clicking sensation of the hip. Stiffness/reduced range of motion. Deformity. Inspection…

Wrist and Hand Epidemiology Overall, wrist and hand injuries account for between 3-9% of all sports injuries. Incidence varies between sports, with up to 87% of gymnasts reported to experience…

Elbow and Forearm History Onset, mechanisms, previous injuries. Symptoms including pain site(s), radiation, and temporal pattern, provocative factors/movements, swelling, locking, tingling, numbness, vascular changes, clicking. Are there neck, forearm, or…

Shoulder Anatomy Important areas of shoulder anatomy See Fig. 17.1. Musculotendinous units of the rotator cuff and biceps. Bony landmarks of the humerus, scapula, and clavicle. Four joints of the…

Spine History Question the athlete and witnesses of injury. Study the videotape if available in acute injury. Understand the demands of sport, exercise, and occupation. Pain Character. Location and radiation….

Head and Face Sports concussion Impairment of brain function caused by trauma. May be due to direct blow or impulsive (whiplash) force. Transient neurological symptoms that may or may not…