Muscle Strains and Contusions Michael P. Swords DO Douglas P. Dietzel DO Key Points Muscle injuries occur in high-level athletes in active competition as well as nonathletes in the course…

Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Knee Dawn L. Swarm MD Robert A. Pedowitz MD, PhD Key Points Traditionally, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) is divided into juvenile (open physes) and adult (closed physes)…

Posterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterolateral Reconstruction Gregory C. Fanelli MD Key Points The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is integral to knee joint stability and is the primary restraint to posterior…

The Meniscus Monika Volesky MD Donald H. Johnson MD, FRCS Key Points The importance of preserving the meniscus to protect the articular cartilage has been recognized over the past 2…

Anterior Cruciate Reconstruction Andrew Pickle MD Aaron Campbell MD Donald H. Johnson MD, FRCS Key Points The most common mechanism of anterior cruciate injury is a twisting or deceleration that…

Anatomic Double Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Steven B. Cohen MD James Starman MD Freddie H. Fu MD Key Points The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) is composed of two major…

Fractures — Tibial Plateau, Distal Femur, Patella, Avulsions of the Intercondylar EminencE, Osgood-Schlatter Disease James H. Lubowitz MD Wylie S. Elson MD Dan Guttman MD Key Points Tibial Plateau Fractures…

Basic Science of the Knee Donald H. Johnson MD, FRCS Paul Johnson MD Ali Alsuwaidi MD, FRCSI, FRCSC Key Points The knee joint is considered to be three separate compartments,…

The ACL PCL Injured (Dislocated) Knee Gregory C. Fanelli MD Daniel R. Orcutt MD Justin D. Harris MD David Zijerdi MD Craig J. Edson MHS, PT, ATC Key Points Multiple…

Meniscus Allografts Walter R. Shelton MD Key Points The medial meniscus is a C-shaped triangular structure that is relatively more fixed than the lateral meniscus and is thicker posterior than…