Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis This chapter discusses the application of various intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring (IONM) techniques (also known as modalities) during cervical spine surgery, namely, somatosensory-evoked potentials (SSEPs), transcranial electrical…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Vertebral artery injuries (VAIs) are becoming increasingly recognized as more screening protocols are being used. Angiography is the gold standard, but many centers are using computed…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Conventional radiographs and computed tomography (CT) imaging are integral parts of the evaluation of a patient with suspected cervical spine abnormalities. The treating clinician must have…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious worldwide health problem, often resulting in significant morbidity and permanent neurologic deficits. The American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is spinal cord dysfunction accompanying age-related degeneration of the cervical spine. The lack of prospective studies of its natural history and vague…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Cervical radiculopathy is defined as pain with or without a motor, sensory, or reflex deficit that is caused by cervical nerve root compression or irritation. Typically,…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis The midline posterior approach is the most commonly used approach to the cervical spine. It allows efficient and safe access to the posterior elements of the…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis The approach to the anterior cervical spine is one of the most common approaches performed in cervical spine surgery. Because of the vital anatomy near the…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis The determination of spine stability is a controversial topic and continues to evolve. Understanding the anatomy and the biomechanical principles is fundamental to the performance of…
Chapter Preview Chapter Synopsis Congenital anomalies of the pediatric cervical spine arise from a failure of normal development occurring early in the embryonic process. Failure to recognize these pathologic processes…
