KEY FACTS • The midfoot includes 5 tarsal bones: Navicular, cuboid, and 3 cuneiforms (medial, 1st; middle, 2nd; and lateral, 3rd). • Mobile or “essential” midfoot joints include: ○ Talonavicular…

KEY FACTS General • Amputation and disarticulation should be viewed as reconstructive procedures and not a failure of treatment. ○ In this manner, one realizes that it is the initial…

KEY FACTS Navicular Fractures • Three types of navicular fractures generally occur: Avulsion fractures, high-energy fractures with other associated injuries, and stress fractures. • Avulsion fractures can generally be treated…

KEY FACTS • The tibial pilon fracture is a rare, yet devastating injury. ○ Despite the best treatment, patients sustaining high-energy pilon fractures generally do not return to their previous…

KEY FACTS • The natural history of osteochondral lesions of the talus appears to be fairly benign, especially as it relates to the risk of the development of arthritis. ○…

KEY FACTS • The talus is the 2nd most commonly fractured tarsal bone (after the calcaneus). • The blood supply of the talus can be tenuous, as there are limited…

KEY FACTS Ankle Instability • Ankle sprains are among the most common injuries seen by orthopaedic surgeons. • A variety of pathologies can result from an ankle sprain mechanism. These…

KEY FACTS • Tendon pathology is most commonly related to the degenerative process of tendinosis, as is seen in the Achilles and posterior tibial tendons. • While tendonitis is a…

KEY FACTS Achilles Tendinosis • Achilles tendinosis can be noninsertional or insertional, although it is the same pathology, i.e., degenerative tendinopathy. • Insertional tendinopathy can be associated with a Haglund…

KEY FACTS • The foot and ankle comprise a complex “machine” consisting of 26 bones and joints working together. The individual parts do not work in isolation. • The ankle…