Physical Examination of the Foot and Ankle
Introduction This chapter provides a review of foot and ankle anatomy and examination followed by an evidence-based discussion of the major provocative tests employed to diagnose ankle and foot injuries….
MUSCULOSKELETAL MEDICINE
Sensory, Motor, and Reflex Examination
Key words Sensory, Motor and Reflex Examination, neurologic examination Introduction The neurologic examination is an integral component of any musculoskeletal assessment. Determining the relative integrity of the neurologic system…
Physical Examination of the Elbow
Key words Elbow examination, ulnar collateral ligament, elbow instability Introduction A thorough history should be ascertained before a physical examination is performed on a patient with an upper extremity…
Physical Examination of the Cervical Spine
Introduction The annual prevalence of neck pain is estimated to range between 30% and 50%, and nearly half of all individuals will experience neck pain in their lifetime. History and…
Reliability and Validity of Physical Examinations
Key words Statistics, Sensitivity, Specificity, Reliability, Validity Introduction In 1880, John Venn, a priest and lecturer in Moral Science at Caius College, Cambridge University, England, introduced and popularized Venn…
Comparative Musculoskeletal Radiology
Longitudinal Location Epiphysis, Diaphysis, and Metaphysis EPIPHYSIS The epiphysis develops separately from the growth plate as a secondary ossification center. Thus, the range of tumors seen in the epiphysis is…
Chondrosarcoma
CLINICAL SUMMARY Chondrosarcoma is the second most common primary bone sarcoma, after osteosarcoma. It has a broad spectrum of presentation largely dependent on the grade of the tumor. Treatment is…
Liposarcoma
Well-Differentiated, Myxoid/Round Cell, Pleomorphic, and Dedifferentiated Subtypes CLINICAL SUMMARY Liposarcoma is the second most common soft tissue sarcoma after undifferentiated sarcoma, and is further subdivided into several distinctive subtypes. It…
Metastatic Carcinoma
CLINICAL SUMMARY Metastatic carcinoma accounts for the large majority of bone malignancies and, along with multiple myeloma, is the first consideration for any destructive bone lesion in a patient older…
Osteosarcoma
CLINICAL SUMMARY Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone sarcoma. The peak incidence is in adolescence, but it can also occur as a secondary malignancy in older adults. The rapidly…
