Dermatomyositis, Polymyositis, and Inclusion Body Myositis Petros Efthimiou Lawrence J. Kagen KEY POINTS Chronic, idiopathic skeletal muscle inflammation can be considered under three general types: dermatomyositis (DM), polymyositis (PM), and…
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Jane E. Salmon Robert P. Kimberly Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE or lupus) is a multisystem disease with a spectrum of clinical manifestations and a variable course characterized…
Rheumatoid Arthritis Ioannis Tassiulas Stephen A. Paget KEY POINTS Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory disease that affects predominantly the joints. Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1…
Bursitis and Tendinitis Paul Pellicci Richard R. McCormack BURSITIS I. ANATOMIC CONSIDERATIONS A bursa is a closed sac that contains a small amount of synovial fluid and that is lined…
The Female Athlete Lisa R. Callahan Jo A. Hannafin Monique Sheridan Regular exercise has been shown to decrease the risk for multiple diseases, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, obesity,…
Sports Injuries Riley J. Williams Thomas L. Wickiewicz During the past decade, the importance of regular exercise in the maintenance of good health has been well-established. Consequently, with increasing attention…
Ankle and Foot Pain David S. Levine KEY POINTS A sound understanding of foot and ankle anatomy is essential for establishing the cause of associated pathologies. Understanding the “essential” nature…
Osteonecrosis Thomas P. Sculco Paul Lombardi An evaluation of hip pain begins with considering the multiple structure/function relationships that comprise the joint itself and the surrounding soft tissue structures. The…
Elbow Pain Robert N. Hotchkiss The articular anatomy of the elbow is unique because it contains two independent axes of motion in the same synovial pouch. The ulnohumeral joint determines…
