Musculoskeletal Key

Introduction The acromioclavicular (AC) joint is a pivotal construct for scapular and shoulder function. The articulation of the acromion and clavicle, when healthy and stable, allows fluid scapular and humeral…

Introduction Proximal humerus fractures are among the most common fractures in the adult population, with an increasing incidence. In 2008, the incidence of proximal humerus fractures was 26.8 per 100,000…

Traumatic disorders of the acromioclavicular joint Acute lesions According to Tamaoki et al., “the available evidence for treating acute acromioclavicular (AC) dislocations is of poor quality” and “further research exploring…

Background The shoulder comprises three distinct and complex articulations consisting of the glenohumeral joint, the scapulothoracic joints, and the acromioclavicular joint. Under normal physiologic conditions, there exists an equilibrium between…

The shoulder provides one of the largest ranges of motion of all the joints in the musculoskeletal system. This is due partly to the morphology of the glenohumeral joint (the…

Musculoskeletal tumors represent approximately 10% of all orthopedic diagnoses and present potential clinical challenges because of their varying presentations and biologic behavior. They may come noted clinically either through incidental…

Introduction and terminology Shoulder stiffness was first described as a clinical entity in the late 19th century by both Duplay in France and Putnam in the United States. It was…

Introduction The past few decades have seen a rapid shift in our understanding of the anatomy and pathology of the biceps and superior labrum. Today’s clinical and basic science literature…