Female Athlete
Female Athlete Lee A. Mancini INTRODUCTION It has been over 35 years since the passage of Title IX in 1972, which prohibited sex discrimination in sports. There are now almost…
Athlete with Shortness of Breath
Athlete with Shortness of Breath Joseph J. Bernard Zachary A. Geidel INTRODUCTION Shortness of breath is a common complaint in athletes and is a frequent reason for the athlete to…
Athlete with Syncope
Athlete with Syncope Christopher Lutrzykowski INTRODUCTION Syncope is defined as the temporary loss of consciousness and posture. Near syncope is defined as a prodromal symptom of fainting or near faint….
Athlete with a Head or Facial Injury
Athlete with a Head or Facial Injury Peter Hoth Zachary A. Geidel INTRODUCTION Head and facial injuries in athletes often create anxiety in the provider caring for the athlete, as…
Preparticipation Physical Examination
Preparticipation Physical Examination Vasilios Chrisostomidis INTRODUCTION The preparticipation physical examination (PPE) was designed with the safety and health of the athlete in mind. Its goal is to detect the athlete’s…
Disorders in Pediatric Athletes
Disorders in Pediatric Athletes Mininder S. Kocher James O’holleran INTRODUCTION Injuries to the shoulder in pediatric and adolescent athletes are increasingly being seen with expanded participation and higher competitive levels…
