Key points • Animal models are critical for understanding disease mechanisms and developing new therapies. • Species differences in intervertebral disc size, tissue composition, and cellular content associate with distinct…
Key points • Intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration involves endplate-driven and annulus-driven phenotypes that accumulate and interact with progressive degeneration and eventual collapse of the IVD. • IVD injuries result in…
Key points • The spine protects the spinal cord and provides mechanical strength to the trunk while allowing for a certain amount of flexibility. • The intervertebral disc has a…
41 Joints of the lower limb, Articulationes membri inferioris 41.1 Bony connections of the pelvic girdle, Juncturae cinguli pelvici Name Type of connection Types of movements Sacroiliac joint Articulatio sacroiliaca…
58 Cranial nerves, overview a N. olfactorius [I] b N. opticus [II] c N. oculomotorius [III] d N. trochlearis [IV] e N. trigeminus [V] • N. ophthalmicus [V/1] • N….
23 Joints of the upper limb, Articulationes membri superioris 23.1 Joints of the shoulder girdle Name of joint Type of joint Types of movements Medial clavicular joint Articulatio sternoclavicularis, Articulationes…
Key points • Lumbar spinal stenosis is a complex disease with a plethora of clinical and imaging phenotypes. • Developmental lumbar spinal stenosis is caused by mal-development of pedicles and…
