Exercise Considerations Before, During, and After Pregnancy
Introduction Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in the topic of physical activity during pregnancy. This is likely due to the increasing number of studies that…
Osteochondritis Dissecans of the Elbow
Introduction and Epidemiology Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) was first described by König in 1887 as a possible explanation for the presence of loose bodies within a joint. Initially, he postulated that…
Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome
Introduction Chronic exertional compartment syndrome (CECS) most commonly affects the young, military, and athletic populations and can be debilitating for active individuals. Typical symptoms include pain, paresthesias, muscle weakness, and…
Concussions in the Female Athlete
Introduction Female athletes are more likely to sustain sport-related concussion than male athletes when playing equivalent sports. Studies on middle-school to high-school females demonstrate that female athletes are at a…
Epidemiology of Female Versus Male Athletic Injuries
Introduction The world of sports has historically been dominated by males and much of our knowledge surrounding athletic injuries originates from our understanding of the male athlete. Data on injuries…
Rotator Cuff Function and Injury in the Female Athlete
Introduction Shoulder problems in the female athlete occur most commonly in sports that require repetitive or forceful use of the upper extremity. While there is extensive research in male overhead…
Elbow Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injuries in the Female Athlete
Introduction While there is abundant literature on ulnar collateral ligament (UCL) injuries in male athletes, predominantly professional baseball players, research remains sparse on the pathoanatomy, epidemiology, treatment, and outcomes of…
Elbow Anatomy and Biomechanics
Introduction The elbow consists of three joints: the ulnohumeral joint, radiocapitellar joint, and proximal radioulnar joint (PRUJ). Together, these three joints enable the elbow to flex and extend as a…
Overuse Injuries in Females
Introduction Overuse injuries result from cumulative trauma or many repetitive minor insults, such that the body does not have adequate time to heal properly. These types of injuries typically occur…
Shoulder Instability in the Female Athlete
Introduction The shoulder is notable for being the most mobile joint in the body. Optimal function requires a delicate balance of stability and flexibility. This balance is achieved by contributions…
