Musculoskeletal Key

Abstract Olecranon stress fractures are rare conditions that have been described in overhead or throwing athletes. The condition is known to occur due to repetitive valgus extension overload during throwing…

Surgical Treatment: Arthroscopic Erik M. Fritz, MD Brooke M. DelVecchio, PT, DPT, OCS Jonas Pogorzelski, MD, MHBA, Peter J. Millett, MD, MSc Abstract Acromioclavicular joint injuries that require surgery may be managed using arthroscopic…

Abstract Sternoclavicular joint instability, like glenohumeral joint instability, is classified by severity (subluxation vs dislocation), direction (anterior or posterior), and mechanism of injury (traumatic or atraumatic). Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations…

Labral Repair Dustin L. Richter, MD Jourdan Cancienne, MD Stephen F. Brockmeier, MD Abstract Superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears are commonly a result of a traction injury and are often seen…

Abstract ▪ Injuries to the pectoralis major (PM) occur infrequently, typically in young male athletes ( ). ▪ This injury most often develops during high loads, with the arm extended,…

Abstract The throwing shoulder can sustain injuries to the capsulolabral complex, the biceps labral complex and the rotator cuff tendons. The complex mechanisms associated with the pathomechanics must be understood…

Abstract The biceps and labrum should no longer be considered separate entities but rather thought of as one unit termed the biceps–labrum complex (BLC). The BLC can be divided into…

Abstract Sternoclavicular joint injuries include fractures, sprains, and dislocations. Although most fractures and sprains can be treated nonoperatively, a dislocated sternoclavicular joint should undergo an attempt at closed reduction with…