Musculoskeletal Key

Abstract The throwing shoulder can sustain injuries to the capsulolabral complex, the biceps labral complex and the rotator cuff tendons. The complex mechanisms associated with the pathomechanics must be understood…

Abstract The biceps and labrum should no longer be considered separate entities but rather thought of as one unit termed the biceps–labrum complex (BLC). The BLC can be divided into…

Abstract Sternoclavicular joint injuries include fractures, sprains, and dislocations. Although most fractures and sprains can be treated nonoperatively, a dislocated sternoclavicular joint should undergo an attempt at closed reduction with…

Abstract Surgical management of the throwing shoulder has unique challenges specific to the high demands of the overhead throwing motion. This chapter reviews the various rotator cuff and SLAP (superior…

Abstract ▪ The pectoralis major (PM) muscle functions as a potent flexor, adductor, and internal rotator of the shoulder, as well as a dynamic stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint (…

Epidemiology, Mechanism of Injury, History, Imaging, and Physical Examination Tracey Didinger, MD Joseph D. Cooper, MD Seth C. Gamradt, MD Abstract It is critical to diagnose multidirectional instability (MDI) because standard surgical procedures…

Percutaneous Pinning Connor G. Ziegler, MD Robert A. Arciero, MD Abstract Midshaft clavicle fractures which require reduction and internal fixation can be managed using two primary approaches. Open reduction and internal fixation…

Physical Examination and Imaging David Bernholt, MD Robert H. Brophy, MD Abstract Isolated tears of the subscapularis can occur through forced external rotation or by anterior shoulder dislocation. Tears can be full…

Epidemiology, Mechanism of Injury, History, Physical Examination, and Imaging for Anterior Instability LCDR James R. Bailey, MD Barrett A. Little, MD Kevin M. Dale, MD Dean C. Taylor, MD Abstract Anterior shoulder instability can…

Arthroscopic Posterosuperior Rotator Cuff Repair for Full-Thickness Tears Matthew P. Noyes, MD Patrick J. Denard, MD Stephen S. Burkhart, MA, MD Abstract This chapter provides a thorough review of the advancements in tear…