Musculoskeletal Key

Abstract Sternoclavicular joint instability, like glenohumeral joint instability, is classified by severity (subluxation vs dislocation), direction (anterior or posterior), and mechanism of injury (traumatic or atraumatic). Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations…

Labral Repair Dustin L. Richter, MD Jourdan Cancienne, MD Stephen F. Brockmeier, MD Abstract Superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears are commonly a result of a traction injury and are often seen…

Abstract ▪ Injuries to the pectoralis major (PM) occur infrequently, typically in young male athletes ( ). ▪ This injury most often develops during high loads, with the arm extended,…

Abstract The throwing shoulder can sustain injuries to the capsulolabral complex, the biceps labral complex and the rotator cuff tendons. The complex mechanisms associated with the pathomechanics must be understood…

Abstract The biceps and labrum should no longer be considered separate entities but rather thought of as one unit termed the biceps–labrum complex (BLC). The BLC can be divided into…

Abstract Sternoclavicular joint injuries include fractures, sprains, and dislocations. Although most fractures and sprains can be treated nonoperatively, a dislocated sternoclavicular joint should undergo an attempt at closed reduction with…

Abstract Surgical management of the throwing shoulder has unique challenges specific to the high demands of the overhead throwing motion. This chapter reviews the various rotator cuff and SLAP (superior…

Abstract ▪ The pectoralis major (PM) muscle functions as a potent flexor, adductor, and internal rotator of the shoulder, as well as a dynamic stabilizer of the glenohumeral joint (…

Epidemiology, Mechanism of Injury, History, Imaging, and Physical Examination Tracey Didinger, MD Joseph D. Cooper, MD Seth C. Gamradt, MD Abstract It is critical to diagnose multidirectional instability (MDI) because standard surgical procedures…

Percutaneous Pinning Connor G. Ziegler, MD Robert A. Arciero, MD Abstract Midshaft clavicle fractures which require reduction and internal fixation can be managed using two primary approaches. Open reduction and internal fixation…