Dry needling (peppering, fenestration)
Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings • Inflammatory arthritis, chronic injury or overuse may cause inflammation/microtearing of the tendon. • Pain and swelling are present at the affected area. • Hypoechoic…
How to do an interventional procedure
Decide whether injection is appropriate • A history and examination should be taken. • Perform a diagnostic ultrasound to confirm diagnosis. • Discuss with the patient what injection will entail…
Autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP)
Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings • Autologous conditioned plasma (ACP) and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) are used to treat tendinopathy. • The National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) has…
Autologous blood
Cause, clinical and ultrasound findings • Autologous blood injection is used as a treatment for tendinopathy. • It is a recognised procedure in the United Kingdom. The National Institute for…
Local anaesthetics
A number of anaesthetics are used routinely in clinical practice. Those most commonly used are all amino amides, which are very stable in solution and metabolised by the liver. Amino…
Posterior Shoulder Instability
Epidemiology, Mechanism of Injury, History, Physical Examination, and Imaging Joseph A. Gil, MD Brett D. Owens, MD Abstract When treating posterior instability knowledge of risk factors that predispose a patient to develop…
Medial: Ulnar Collateral Ligament Injury
Epidemiology, Anatomy, Mechanism of Injury, History, Physical Examination, and Imaging Christopher S. Ahmad, MD Justin L. Hodgins, MD Abstract Injury to the medial ulnar collateral ligament (MUCL) of the elbow is a…
Triceps Tendon Injury
Abstract Distal triceps tendon injuries are rare iin clinical settings, and the prevalence rate is twice as low in men as it is in women. The injury can present itself…
Lateral: Posterolateral Rotary Instability
Abstract Posterolateral rotatory instability (PLRI) of the elbow is normally caused by a traumatic mechanism of injury that includes a combination of axial loading, valgus stress, and rotational force. The…
