Pre-/Peri-/Postoperative PREOPERATIVE Preoperative testing should be guided by the patient’s clinical history, comorbidities, and physical examination. Some hospitals also have their own preoperative protocols. Common preoperative testing includes SMA 6,…
Laboratory Tests URINALYSIS Generally divided into two parts: General: Includes macroscopic evaluation, specific gravity, and a dipstick segment Microscopic evaluation: Quantitative assessment of cellular component Specific Gravity Normal value: 1.003…
Soft Tissue Masses FIBROUS TISSUE ORIGIN Fibroma Fibroma is a general term for a benign tumor composed of connective tissue. They can grow almost anywhere in any organ, arising from…
Heel Conditions PLANTAR FASCIITIS (HEEL SPUR SYNDROME) Description Plantar fasciitis is a condition resulting in pain and inflammation of the plantar fascia. The plantar fascia, also called the plantar aponeurosis,…
Dermatology SKIN LAYERS Epidermis About 0.04 mm thick Stratum Corneum (Horny Layer) The outer most layer of the epidermis composed of dry, flattened, anuclear, dead, keratinized cells that ultimately flake…
Wound Care/Diabetes DIABETES Diabetes is a metabolic disease that causes high blood glucose. This occurs either because insulin production is inadequate or because the body’s cells do not respond properly…
Bone Healing BONE HEALING Requires immobilization (fixation) and compression (optimal is 12 to 18 lb per in2) Bone can regenerate back to 100% of its strength following a fracture. The…
Bone Tumors Bone tumors are either primary or metastatic. Primary bone tumors can be either benign or malignant. Radioisotope scans (99-Tc MDP) can estimate the local intramedullary extent of the…
Radiology and Imaging X-rays should be taken: WEIGHT-BEARING ANGLE AND BASE OF GAIT Feet abducted 15° Medial malleoli 2″ apart STANDARD FOOT X-RAYS A/P, Lat, MO EXPOSURE FACTORS Kilovoltage peak…
