Musculoskeletal Key

Abstract The flexor-pronator muscle mass at the medial side of the elbow provides stabilization against valgus forces. Medial epicondylitis of the flexor-pronator muscle mass is most often caused by repetitive…

Abstract Injuries of the throwing shoulder are often overuse in nature. The increase in youths specializing in a single sport year round early in their athletic careers is believed to…

Abstract Olecranon stress fractures are rare conditions that have been described in overhead or throwing athletes. The condition is known to occur due to repetitive valgus extension overload during throwing…

Abstract Return to a throwing sport after elbow or shoulder injury can be a daunting task. Return to play rates after ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction have been favorable but lower…

Surgical Treatment: Arthroscopic Erik M. Fritz, MD Brooke M. DelVecchio, PT, DPT, OCS Jonas Pogorzelski, MD, MHBA, Peter J. Millett, MD, MSc Abstract Acromioclavicular joint injuries that require surgery may be managed using arthroscopic…

Abstract Sternoclavicular joint instability, like glenohumeral joint instability, is classified by severity (subluxation vs dislocation), direction (anterior or posterior), and mechanism of injury (traumatic or atraumatic). Posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocations…

Labral Repair Dustin L. Richter, MD Jourdan Cancienne, MD Stephen F. Brockmeier, MD Abstract Superior labrum anterior and posterior (SLAP) tears are commonly a result of a traction injury and are often seen…

Abstract ▪ Injuries to the pectoralis major (PM) occur infrequently, typically in young male athletes ( ). ▪ This injury most often develops during high loads, with the arm extended,…

Abstract The throwing shoulder can sustain injuries to the capsulolabral complex, the biceps labral complex and the rotator cuff tendons. The complex mechanisms associated with the pathomechanics must be understood…

Abstract The biceps and labrum should no longer be considered separate entities but rather thought of as one unit termed the biceps–labrum complex (BLC). The BLC can be divided into…