Lumbar Anatomy and Approaches
Lumbar Anatomy and Approaches Yu-Po Lee Anatomy The human spine has 5 lumbar vertebrae with interspaced intervertebral disks. They are the largest vertebrae in the body and connect the thorax…
Thoracic Anatomy and Approaches
Thoracic Anatomy and Approaches Amandeep Bhalla Andrew J. Schoenfeld Christopher M. Bono Anatomy Osteology The thoracic (T) spine contains 12 vertebrae, also referred to as dorsal vertebrae of the spine….
Anterior and Posterior Cervical Approaches
Anterior and Posterior Cervical Approaches Lance C. Smith Jeffrey C. Wang Anterior (Standard) Approach to the Cervical Spine (C3–C7) Indications and Contraindications The anterior approach can be used for a…
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis Trevor R. Schmitz Raj D. Rao The World Health Organization (WHO) defines osteoporosis as having a bone mineral density (BMD) at the hip or spine that is less than…
Ankylosing Spondylitis
Ankylosing Spondylitis Adam M. Lukasiewicz Jonathan N. Grauer Ankylosing spondylitis is the prototypical seronegative spondyloarthropathy and can lead to substantial spine-related disability. The hallmark of this condition is autofusion of…
Inflammatory Arthritides
Inflammatory Arthritides Jason C. Eck Scott D. Hodges While the majority of arthritic conditions of the spine are the result of degenerative arthritis, there are other types that can occur…
Adult Deformity
Adult Deformity Daniel G. Kang Keith H. Bridwell Adult spinal deformity encompasses various etiologies that contribute to an alteration in the three-dimensional structure of the human spine. Patients typically seek…
Adolescent Deformity
Adolescent Deformity Grant D. Hogue Michael P. Glotzbecker Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a structural deformity of the spine that is most often diagnosed just before or…
Pars Defects and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis
Pars Defects and Isthmic Spondylolisthesis Paul Anderson Michael A. Finn Pal S. Randhawa Anatomy The pars interarticularis, or isthmus, is the portion of bone between the superior and inferior articular…
Lumbar Disk Herniations, Discogenic Back Pain, and Cauda Equina Syndrome
Lumbar Disk Herniations, Discogenic Back Pain, and Cauda Equina Syndrome Dipak B. Ramkumar Niveditta Ramkumar Adam M. Pearson Lumbar Disk Herniations Anatomical Considerations The fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disk acts primarily as…
