Stiff Shoulder
The structural anatomy of the glenohumeral articulation affords considerable range of motion to the shoulder. The osseous and soft tissue structures provide limited yet sufficient static and dynamic restraints to…
Proximal Biceps Tendon Pathology
Although the function of the long head of the biceps (LHB) has been long debated, its ability to generate pain in the shoulder generates little controversy. Proximal LHB pathology is…
The Thrower’s Shoulder
A shoulder injury in an overhead throwing athlete is a complex condition that can present several difficulties in both diagnosis and treatment. The ability to throw a baseball at velocities…
Other Muscle Injuries
Musculotendinous injuries—that is, sprains, strains, and complete ruptures—are the most common sports-related injuries. They can result in decreased athletic performance, chronic pain, and in some cases, long-term disability. Muscle strains…
Multidirectional Instability of the Shoulder
The shoulder is unique in that it is the most mobile joint in the human body. It serves primarily to position the hand in space and thus requires a delicate…
Posterior Shoulder Instability
Compared with anterior shoulder instability, posterior instability is relatively uncommon, occurring in 2% to 10% of cases. Electrocution and convulsive seizures are rare causes of posterior shoulder dislocation reported in…
Anterior Shoulder Instability
Anterior shoulder instability is the most common type of shoulder instability. It is typically the result of a traumatic event with dislocation of the glenohumeral joint. However, instability also may…
Shoulder Arthroscopy
Background Shoulder arthroscopy was first described in the 1930s by Burman, who learned how to perform arthroscopy on cadaveric joints. Remarkably, shoulder arthroscopy has been used regularly for only the…
Proprioception and Joint Dysfunction
Proprioception of the Knee Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury results in functional instability because of the increased translation of the tibia on the femur, as well as the rotatory instability…
Modalities in Sports
The use of modalities or physical agents as an intervention for the treatment of sports-related injuries has been a staple since the beginning of sports themselves. These procedure-based treatments have…
